Body Issues: How Artists Have Fought against Erotic Readings of Their Work
Portrait of Eva Hesse by Herman Landshoff. Courtesy of Acquavella Galleries.
Eva Hesse refused to see sexuality in her sculptures. While her critics and interviewers suggested that her raised, rounded forms conjured up images of breasts and that her gridded washers implied female genitalia, Hesse merely conveyed her interest in the shape of a circle itself. She claimed she wasn’t specifically engaged in ideas of eroticism, but in absurdity.
“I think the circle is very abstract,” she told art historian Cindy Nemser in a 1970 interview. “I could make up stories of what the circle means to men, but I don’t know if that is conscious. I think it was a form, a vehicle. I don’t think I had a sexual, anthropomorphic, geometric meaning.”
Women artists have been particularly privy to such erotic interpretations of their works whether they agree with them or not. Georgia O’Keeffe famously hated the way that her gallerist (and eventual husband) Alfred Stieglitz decided that her paintings of flowers were expressions of female genitalia. Though Meret Oppenheim made plenty of multimedia work in a Surrealist vein, she’s best remembered for her fur-covered teacup, saucer, and spoon, which the MoMA catalog description calls “sensuous, sexually punning tableware.”
Eva Hesse, Ringaround Arosie, 1965. © The Museum of Modern Art / Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY. Courtesy of Acquavella Galleries and The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
While it’s naïve to argue that these works aren’t erotic at all—or that artists have the final say on the meanings of their art—it’s crucial to consider where such readings originate, and whether they’re expanding or actually limiting our ideas of artists and their multivalent practices.
For a now-postponed exhibition at Acquavella Galleries, “Erotic Abstraction,” curator Eleanor Nairne organized a thoughtful presentation that paired Hesse’s work with that of Hannah Wilke. Born four years apart (in 1936 and 1940, respectively), both women worked within and against the male-dominated art worlds of their day. Hesse drew, painted, and sculpted with an eye towards Minimalism. She was close friends with Sol LeWitt, whose spare forms and riffs on the grid find resonance in Hesse’s work as well.
“I have confidence in my understanding of the formal.…Those problems are solvable, I solve them, can solve them beautifully,” she once said, showcasing her confidence in her ability to work within the rigorous aesthetic paradigms of her day (think: Donald Judd’s extensive writings on what art should be).
Hannah Wilke, Atlantic City Boardwalk, 1975. © 2019 Marsie, Emanuelle, Damon and Andrew Scharlatt, Hannah Wilke Collection & Archive, Los Angeles/Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY. Courtesy of Alison Jacques Gallery, London.
Wilke also riffed on the strictures of Minimalism, arranging clay and chewing gum into gridded arrangements. Yet unlike Hesse, she embraced “erotic” readings of her work from the beginning. She made terracotta sculptures with ovular openings in the top, which she called Five Androgynous and Vaginal Sculptures (1960–61). She contorted her erasers and gum into clearly labial shapes. In a letter to the New York Times, she once wrote, “Vaginal imagery represents the only universal symbol of creation and the most important function of human existence [so] the unique possibilities of a new women’s art within the formalist convest of a female iconography are infinite.”
In other words, where Hesse saw the pitfalls of working in an explicitly sexual, feminist vein, Wilke saw possibilities. In the Acquavella exhibition catalog, Nairne offers this caveat: “The danger was that an artwork could get caught in this yonic honey trap; stripped of any subtlety or imminence of meaning.”
Eva Hesse, No title, 1966. Courtesy of Acquavella Galleries.
Interestingly, Wilke did indeed worry about how critics would view her work in relationship to her body—but in a very different way than Hesse did. It wasn’t her sex that Wilke didn’t want read into her art, but her appearance itself. According to Nairne, Wilke feared that in her films, in which she appeared naked, “her beauty would blind any acknowledgement of the formal qualities of her work.”
Hesse and Wilke are hardly the only artists to fear that their artworks will be judged or categorized by the facts of their own bodies. Yet perhaps the larger issue is what kinds of identities, and bodies, the art world takes for granted. In a recent conversation I had with curator Helen Molesworth, she suggested that maybe the problem isn’t that we identify artists by their demographics, but that we’ve failed to look at these demographics when they apply to white men. If we’re going to talk about Hesse and Wilke in terms of eroticism and femininity, maybe it’s worth taking a harder look at how phallocentrism played a role in their male contemporaries’ work—and how whiteness itself played out across the entire Minimalist movement.
Eva Hesse, No title, 1967. Courtesy of Acquavella Galleries.
Eroticism, of course, isn’t simply the domain of female artists. In the case of Hesse and Wilke, Nairne finds an eroticism that responds to something universal: anticipation of death. Both artists died of cancer at early ages (Hesse at 34, Wilke at 52).
“I’m interested in how their experiences of death might have sparked an interest in the psychic drives and a kind of eros that emerges in their work as a counterpoint to thanatos,” Nairne said recently.
It’s significantly more intriguing to think of “erotic” artwork—by Hesse, Wilke, O’Keeffe, and Oppenheim, to name a few—not in terms of the myriad ways in which female genitalia can be represented, but in the drives that spur its making. Rebelling against mortality, these women generated vibrant, lively, and forceful forms that still buzz with intensity decades after their making.
